An intrapreneur leader, Dee Hock, emerged, who convinced Bank of America that the best way to let the disruption of credit cards reach its full potential was to leave the system in the hands of an independent, controlled entity, jointly held together by a group of banks. Thus, National Bankamericard Inc. (NBI) was born in 1970 and changed its name to Visa in 1976. Dee Hock, Visa’s first CEO, conceived and executed a vision similar to what many FinTech entrepreneurs have today: using technology to radically improve the bank- ing experience across the industry, seeking competitors to collaborate with while competing - coopetition - to make the market bigger and more valuable for all. “Visa is one of the first FinTechs in the world. It was born in 1970 in San Francisco, California, when Bank of America waived control of its successful card issuance program through licenses named BankAmericard.” A. Cueli, VP of FinTech Egagement, Visa Miami Institutional conversation, March 28, 2018 Constant innovations, the product of the evolution of information technologies since the 1960s up to the present day, have increased the complexity of global financial ecosystems as if pieces were added to a puzzle. Today, to make an e-payment at any point of sale, multiple systems systems of multiple players come into play, that “embed” one over another in real time, completing a puzzle that ends with the phrase: “operation completed”. When your credit card is slipped into a device, and within a few seconds you automatically communicate with your bank where the money is; the bank where the money is received, the merchant and the intermediary that connects them, automatically communicate with each other. A TWO-WAY PATH 58